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Riding Safe in Burbank: Protecting Motorcyclists on California Roads

Motorcycle Group Touring Through the Scenic Redwood Highway in Northern California

Burbank, located in the heart of California, is known for its busy streets and scenic routes. For motorcyclists, it’s both a thrill and a challenge. However, sharing the road on two wheels can be risky. California consistently sees high rates of motorcycle accidents, with hundreds of lives lost each year. But here’s the thing: most of these tragedies are preventable.

As a legal team that’s seen the aftermath of too many motorcycle accidents, we want to shed light on the risks motorcyclists face and, more importantly, what you can do to stay safe.

The Reality of Motorcycle Accidents

California leads the nation in motorcycle registrations, with over 800,000 motorcycles on the road. Unfortunately, it also has some of the highest rates of motorcycle accidents. In 2021, there were 565 motorcycle fatalities statewide, a 3% increase from the previous year. Even in a relatively small city like Burbank, with its mix of local and commuter traffic, accidents are a regular concern.

One of the leading causes of motorcycle accidents is visibility—or lack thereof. Motorcycles are smaller and harder for drivers to see, particularly in blind spots or during lane changes. Add to this the high-speed traffic typical of California freeways, and it’s clear why motorcyclists face such high risks.

Another factor is lane splitting. California is the only state where lane splitting—riding between lanes of slow-moving or stopped traffic—is explicitly legal. While it can help reduce congestion and save time, it requires skill and extreme caution. Misjudging distances or encountering a distracted driver can lead to devastating consequences.

Your Safety Matters

At the Law Offices of Adrianos Facchetti, we’ve worked with countless motorcycle accident victims. We’ve seen firsthand how these incidents change lives—not just for riders but for their families, too. The physical injuries, emotional trauma, and financial strain can be overwhelming. That’s why we’re passionate about sharing safety tips that can make a real difference.

Smart Safety Tips for Motorcyclists

Staying safe on the road takes more than a helmet and a prayer. Here are some actionable, lesser-known safety tips to protect yourself:

  1. Dress to Stand Out
    Many riders wear black gear because it looks cool, but it’s not ideal for visibility. Invest in bright or reflective clothing to ensure drivers see you, especially at night. Adding reflective tape to your bike can also help.
  2. Use Your Head (and Eyes)
    Keep your eyes moving, scanning the road for hazards like potholes, debris, or distracted drivers. Anticipating potential dangers gives you more time to react.
  3. Don’t Trust the Right of Way
    Even if you have the legal right of way, don’t assume other drivers will yield. Defensive riding means preparing for the worst-case scenario and always leaving yourself an out.
  4. Upgrade Your Gear
    Full-face helmets offer the best protection. Look for one with a high safety rating and ensure it fits snugly. Consider adding armor to your jacket, pants, and gloves for extra impact protection.
  5. Check Your Bike Regularly
    A well-maintained motorcycle is a safer motorcycle. Regularly inspect your tires for proper inflation, check your brakes, and ensure your lights are functioning. Small issues can become big problems when you’re riding at high speeds.
  6. Practice Your Emergency Maneuvers
    How quickly can you stop or swerve to avoid an obstacle? Practicing these skills in a safe environment can prepare you for split-second decisions on the road.
  7. Ride in the Best Lane Position
    Position yourself where you’re most visible to other drivers, typically near the center of the lane. Avoid riding in blind spots, and always make yourself known when overtaking a vehicle.
  8. Respect Weather Conditions
    Rain can make roads slick and reduce visibility. If you must ride in bad weather, slow down and increase your following distance.

The Emotional Toll of Motorcycle Accidents

It’s easy to focus on the physical injuries after an accident, but the emotional scars are just as real. Many riders struggle with anxiety, PTSD, or depression after a crash. Families often bear the burden of caregiving and financial stress.

That’s where we come in. At the Law Offices of Adrianos Facchetti, we’re not just here to win your case—we’re here to support you every step of the way. From helping you navigate insurance claims to connecting you with trusted medical professionals, we’re committed to easing your burden so you can focus on healing.

The Road Ahead

If you or a loved one has been injured in a motorcycle accident, you don’t have to face the insurance process alone. The law is on your side, and so are we. With offices in Burbank, we understand the unique challenges of riding in Southern California.

We’re here to listen, guide, and fight for you. Contact us today for a free consultation. Let’s work together to turn a difficult situation into a brighter future.

Call a Burbank Personal Injury Lawyer Today

Riding a motorcycle offers freedom and adventure, but it also comes with responsibility. By taking proactive steps to protect yourself, you can enjoy the ride while minimizing risks. Remember, safety isn’t just about you—it’s about the people who care about you, too.

Ride smart, ride safe, and know that if the unexpected happens, you’ve got a personal injury lawyer in Burbank ready to stand by your side.

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Foreign Investment Control in France – A Practical Guide for Investors (Updated)

Foreign Investment Control in France

By Olivia Lê Horovitz

1. What is the control of foreign investments in France?

Foreign investment control is a system of prior authorization of certain investments strictly defined by law, implemented by the Ministry of the Economy. This mechanism has been in force in France since 1966.

To carry out this control, the Ministry of the Economy, to which the Secretary of the General Directorate of the Treasury (“DGT“) reports, is responsible for examining certain investment transactions involving French entities to determine whether such transactions could be detrimental to public security, public order or the national defense interests of France.

2. Which foreign investments are subject to the control of the Ministry of Economy?

In France, the principle is that foreign investments are free. Only in exceptional cases are certain operations subject to prior authorization by the Ministry of the Economy. In 2023, 309 applications were examined by the DGT.

Thus, the Ministry in charge of the economy will only proceed with an audit if three cumulative criteria are met:

  • The presence of a foreign investor;
  • An investment operation as defined in article R 151-2 of the Monetary and Financial Code;
  • Intervening in a sensitive sector.

The definition of a foreign investor is broad. It includes individuals of foreign nationality or tax residence, as well as entities incorporated under foreign law, but also entities incorporated under French law that are controlled by one or more of the above-mentioned persons or entities.

For investors from outside the European Union, prior authorization is also required to cross the threshold of 25% of the voting rights in a French-law entity.

The concept of an investment transaction varies according to the origin of the investor. Regardless of the nationality of the foreign investor, acquisitions of control or of all or part of a branch of activity of an entity governed by French law are subject to authorization. In addition, for investors from outside the European Union, prior authorization is also required to cross the threshold of 25% of the voting rights in a French-law entity. A temporary measure lowering the threshold for holding voting rights (10%) in listed French companies triggering foreign investment control[1] has been extended until December 31, 2023[2].

Since January 2024, the scope of foreign investments subject to authorization has been extended. Decree no. 2023-1293 of December 28, 2023, consolidates the system for monitoring the crossing of the 10% voting rights threshold in companies listed on a regulated market by non-European investors, introduced by Decree no. 2020-892 of July 22, 2020.

Finally, and this is the most delicate criterion to handle, the operation must take place in a sensitive sector. These are activities set out by regulation, which fall within the sectors of defense and security, the press, energy or critical technologies.

3. Are intra-group transactions subject to foreign investment control?

When the investment is made between companies all belonging to the same group (i.e., held more than 50% of the capital or voting rights, directly or indirectly by the same shareholder), the authorization is deemed to have been granted.[3]

Similarly, there is no need to file an application for authorization when the foreign Investor crosses the 25% threshold of an entity over which it has previously acquired control following the issuance of an authorization, or when the foreign investor acquires control of a company and has already received authorization in connection with the previous crossing of the 25% threshold of the capital or voting rights.

Article R.151-7 I has been rewritten since the Decree of December 28, 2023, on foreign investment in France, and now states, more concisely, that: “The investor is exempt from the authorization requirement […] when the investor of last resort in the chain of control, […], had, prior to the investment, already acquired control within the meaning of Article L.233-3 of the French Commercial Code.” This amendment, introduced by the Decree of December 28, 2023, is a legislative change designed to simplify the exemptions applicable to intra-group reorganizations.

There are two exceptions to these exemptions: where the investment results in the violation of a condition that had been accepted by the investor in a previous authorization procedure, or where the purpose of the investment is to transfer abroad all or part of a branch of a sensitive activity.[4]

4. What are the “sensitive” sectors of activity, requiring investment control?

Sensitive sectors are sectors affecting national defense interests or likely to affect public order, public safety and activities essential to guaranteeing the country’s interests.

A decree of the Council of State (“Conseil d’Etat”) sets the restrictive list of sectors and activities presenting such challenges. The list of these sectors was supplemented in 2014 to cover, in particular, critical infrastructure operation activities (“Montebourg” extension), by the decree of November 28, 2018, which came into force on January 1, 2019, to cover future technologies, aerospace, hosting of certain data, and by the decree of December 31, 2019, which came into force on April 1, 2020, which includes new sectors, in particular to take into account developments in the European regulation of March 19, 2019 establishing a framework for the screening of foreign direct investment in the Union, such as print media and online press services for political and general information, food safety, energy storage and critical technologies.

An order dated September 10, 2021 (the Order) has made several changes to the current regulations relating to the control of foreign investments, applicable since January 1, 2022. The Order extends the definition of critical technologies mentioned in 1° of III of Article R. 151-3 of the Monetary and Financial Code to include cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, robotics, additive manufacturing, semiconductors, quantum technologies, energy storage, biotechnologies and technologies involved in the production of renewable energy (solar, wind, hydraulic, biomass or geothermal energy), considering current developments and challenges in this sector. Henceforth, foreign investments in research and development activities involving such technologies will be subject to the prior control procedure.

Article R. 151-3 of the Monetary and Financial Code identifies the sectors of activity in which foreign investments are subject to prior authorization. There are three types: activities that are sensitive in nature (R 151-3, I), activities involving infrastructure, goods or services that are essential to guarantee public security and public order (R 151-3, II), and research and development activities involving critical technologies and dual-use goods and technologies intended for implementation in one of the other activities mentioned above (R 151-3, III).

Activities that are sensitive by nature are those that are likely to affect the interests of national defense, participate in the exercise of public authority, or are likely to affect public order and public safety. Without claiming to provide an exhaustive list, we can mention:

  • activities related to weapons, ammunition, powders and explosive substances for military purposes;
  • activities related to dual-use goods and technologies;
  • cryptology or communication interception activities;
  • or activities related to the illicit use of pathogens or toxic agents.

Regarding the second category of sensitive sectors: activities involving infrastructure, goods or services that are essential to guarantee public security and public order, the focus is on identifying these infrastructures, goods and services. These include infrastructure, goods or services that are essential to the continuity of water and energy supplies, to the operation of communication and transport networks and services (as well as space operations), to the protection of public health or food safety, or to the dissemination of information.

Finally, the last category, added in 2019, concerns research and development activities involving dual-use goods (listed in Annex I of the Council Regulation (EC) of May 5, 2009), as well as critical technologies (cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, robotics, additive manufacturing, semiconductors, quantum technologies, energy storage), which was extended to biotechnologies by order of April 27, 2020[5] (in the context of research into an anti-covid vaccine), and completed again by order of September 10, 2021[6], by adding technologies involved in the production of renewable energy.[7]

Since the Decree of December 28, 2023, on foreign investment in France, amending Article R151-3 of the CMF[8] and in order to prevent circumvention attempts, control of foreign investment in France now extends to takeovers of French branches of foreign entities, as well as to the processing and extraction of critical raw materials.

The list of critical technologies has been extended once again to research and development activities in the fields of photonics and low-carbon energy production technologies when they are to be applied in strategic sectors.

In addition, activities essential to prison security are explicitly included in the scope of control.

5. What to do when in doubt about the “sensitivity” of the activity?

The definition of sensitive sectors in the Monetary and Financial Code is broad and relatively unclear. As a result, foreign investors often have doubts about the eligibility of their operations for the foreign investment control process.

To remedy this and to allow the parties to secure the planned transaction, article R. 151-4 of the Monetary and Financial Code provides for a prior application procedure. This allows the investor or the target to obtain a ruling from the administration as to whether the activity of the French entity falls within the scope of foreign investment control.

To initiate this procedure of prior request for examination, it is sufficient to submit a simplified file to the DGT. However, the deadline for a response from the French administration is two calendar months, which is still significant in terms of the timetable for the transaction, and this opinion does not dispense with the need for an application for authorization, if necessary. This is why, in practice, most investors file complete applications for authorization to avoid delays.

6. How does the examination of a request for authorization proceed?

The application for authorization, containing all the information required under Articles L.151-3 and R.151-1 et seq. of the Monetary and Financial Code, as well as the European notification form for the transaction, must be sent to the DGT, which is responsible for examining it on behalf of the Minister of the Economy. To do this, it relies on the Interministerial Committee on Foreign Investment in France (CIIEF). This Committee brings together administrative officials and institutions with expertise in the sectors subject to control. When specific expertise is required, other French government departments may be mobilized.[9]

The Minister has 30 working days from the date of receipt of a complete application to give his opinion. The period is suspended due to any request for additional information. At the end of this period, he must then indicate to the investor either that:

  • the investment is not subject to foreign investment control,
  • it is authorized without condition,
  • it falls within the scope of the law, but that further examination is necessary to determine whether the preservation of national interests can be guaranteed by attaching conditions to the authorization.[10]

If there is no response within this timeframe, the request is deemed to be rejected, contrary to the former regulation. It is therefore important to obtain a response before the end of this period.

If, at the end of this first phase of appraisal, the Minister has concluded that further examination is necessary, he must notify the investor of the opening of a second phase of appraisal lasting a maximum of 45 working days. At the end of this second phase, the Minister may authorize the transaction with or without conditions or refuse the transaction. In the absence of a response within this 45-day period, the application is deemed to be rejected.

The purpose of these instruction phases is to allow the DGT to analyze the impact of the investment operation on public security, public order, and national defense interests. To this end, and during these two instruction phases, the Minister may communicate with the investor and the target to obtain any document or information necessary for the execution of his mission, without being able to oppose legally protected secrets.[11] 

As a result of the above, the maximum statutory period for obtaining a decision from the Minister is 75 working days.[12]

The control procedure is protected by strict confidentiality rules. The transmission of documents within the framework of the investigation can only be communicated to the agents of the administration in charge of investigating the files. The decision is not made public.

7. What are the consequences of the Minister’s decision?

Whatever the Minister’s decision, it can be appealed before the Administrative Court of Paris within 2 months.

If the transaction has been authorized with conditions, compliance with these conditions will be monitored by the competent ministerial departments throughout the period of their application.

If the Minister has authorized the transaction, with or without conditions, the investor must make a declaration within two months of the completion of its investment, in accordance with Article 3 of the Decree of December 31, 2019, on foreign investments in France. Such a declaration is not required when the Minister has concluded that the investment does not fall within the scope of foreign investment control. However, all FDI transactions must be reported to the Banque de France within 20 working days from the date of actual completion, provided that the transaction is worth more than EUR 15 million.

If the transaction has been authorized with conditions, compliance with these conditions will be monitored by the competent ministerial departments throughout the period of their application.

8. What are the sanctions when an operation falling within the scope of the control is carried out without authorization?

The penalty for failure to obtain authorization is severe: any commitment, agreement or contractual clause that directly or indirectly makes an investment subject to the control of the Minister of the Economy without the required authorization having first been obtained is null and void.[13]

In addition, the Minister of Economy may also order the investor to:

  • to file an application for a regularization permit;
  • to restore the previous situation at its own expense, and/or;
  • to modify the investment. [14]

These injunctions may be accompanied by a penalty payment and/or protective measures (suspension of voting rights attached to the investor’s shares, prohibition on the distribution of dividends, suspension of the free disposal of assets, appointment of a trustee to ensure the protection of national interests, etc.), in order to prevent risks of harm to public order, public security or national defense.[15]

These decisions or injunctions can only be made after the investor has been given formal notice, except in urgent or exceptional circumstances.[16]

The Minister of the Economy may also impose a fine in proportion to the seriousness of the breach, which may not exceed the highest of the following amounts:

  • double the amount of the irregular investment;
  • 10% of the amount of the annual turnover (excluding tax) of the target company of the irregular investment;
  • 1 million euros for individuals;
  • 5 million for legal entities.[17]

These financial penalties are also applicable in the event of fraudulent obtaining of authorization, or failure to comply with injunctions issued by the Minister of the Economy.[18]

Finally, the making of a foreign investment without prior authorization is subject to criminal sanctions. Thus, the investor is liable to five years’ imprisonment, confiscation of the property and assets resulting from the offence, a fine equal to at least the amount and at most twice the amount of the offence, as well as a ban on carrying out a commercial activity or a public function.[19]

9. What happens when the conditions of the authorization are not respected?

If the investor has not complied with one or more conditions attached to the authorization of the Minister in charge of the Economy, the Minister shall take one or more of the following measures:

  • He may withdraw the authorization issued;
  • require the investor to comply with initial conditions within a specified period; and/or
  • impose compliance with newly established conditions.

10. What are the European regulations on screening foreign investments?

Given the proximity and degree of interconnectedness between different European Union (“EU”) member states, making a foreign investment within one member state has the potential to pose a risk to the security or public order of one or more other member states. To limit this risk, Regulation 2019/453 establishing a framework for screening foreign direct investment (“FDI”) in the EU was adopted in March 2019, and entered into force on October 11, 2020. This regulation does not create a mechanism for screening FDI at the EU level, but it establishes a framework for the screening by member states of FDI occurring on their territory, as well as a mechanism for cooperation between those member states and the European Commission regarding FDI that may undermine security or public order.

Within the framework of this cooperation mechanism, Member States must notify the European Commission and other Member States of any investment subject to screening on their territory and transmit to them certain information (identity of the parties, sectors of operation, amount of the operation, location of the operation, etc.) by secure means. In practice, this translates into the communication of a form entitled “Request for information from the investor” which must be annexed to the request for authorization of the operation addressed to the Minister of the Economy. The Member States and the Commission study this information and may request additional information and issue comments or opinions on the proposed transaction. The DGT is not bound by these opinions but must “duly take them into account” by considering the measures available in its national law. In the case of investments considered to affect projects or programs of interest to the EU (listed in an annex to the Regulation), the member state hosting the planned investment must take “the utmost account” of the Commission’s opinions and justify any non-compliant decision. 

The cooperation mechanism may also be implemented at the initiative of another Member State or the European Commission, even when an FDI project planned or carried out in France is not subject to the control of the Minister of the Economy, if the project is likely to affect the security or public order of more than one Member State, or projects or programs of interest to the Union, and this within 15 months of the completion of the investment. The regulation provides an indicative list of factors to be taken into account in identifying investments likely to affect security or public order. It includes consideration of the effects of the investment on critical infrastructure, critical technologies, energy and raw material supplies, access to or control of sensitive information, or the freedom and pluralism of the media. Member States and the Commission may also consider whether the investor is controlled by the government of a third country, has a history of involvement in activities that undermine security or public order, or whether there are serious risks that the investor may engage in criminal or illegal activities.

Investors can rest assured that the exchanges that take place under this cooperation mechanism are strictly confidential. This mechanism is the only one through which France exchanges information on foreign investments on its territory.

The European Commission, in the fourth edition of its annual report, dated October 17, 2024, on the filtering of foreign investment from third countries, stressed the need for greater collaboration between Member States and called on to oblige all Member States to adopt this instrument at national level.[20]. According to the report, over 1,500 transactions have been notified by Member States to the EU cooperation mechanism since the EU regulation came into force in 2020, with 85% of notifications coming from just 7 Member States. In January 2024, the Commission therefore tabled a legislative proposal to revise the regulation, which would oblige all EU Member States to set up an FDI screening mechanism to harmonize national rules.

However, the differences in regulations between Member States are significant and the lack of uniformity of law between Member States can make the process cumbersome as a multi-jurisdictional operation may result in different regulations being applied.

In addition, in some areas and depending on the circumstances, it may be difficult for parties to determine whether or not to file a permit application. In many cases, as a matter of prudence and in view of the potential sanctions, it may seem more reasonable to file a clearance application. It is therefore important to anticipate in the timing of an investment transaction the time frame for obtaining a response, which may vary considerably from one jurisdiction to another, and the potential consequences of a refusal or a conditional approval.

As such, understanding these regulations, while recognizing the discretionary power of the State, has become essential in the upstream preparation of an M&A or investment transaction in order to understand the timeframes, the risks and to consider possible remedies.

Attorney Disclaimer

This summary is provided for informational purposes only and is not intended to constitute legal advice nor does it create an attorney-client relationship with Rimon Electa Law Selas. or its affiliates. Prior results referred to in these materials do not guarantee or suggest a similar result in other matters.

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About the Author

Olivia Lê Horovitz

Olivia Lê Horovitz is a founding Partner of Rimôn’s Paris Office. She represents clients during FDI clearance of transactions in France.  Her practice is primarily focused on cross-border mergers and acquisitions as well as private equity transactions. She represents clients in a variety of complex multijurisdictional acquisition transactions, including acquisition or sale of businesses, distressed companies, restructurings, divestitures, spin offs, recapitalizations, joint ventures and complex commercial contracts. Ms. Lê Horovitz regularly advises foreign companies wishing to invest in Europe in the context of private or public acquisitions as well as French companies looking to expand internationally.

If you are looking for advice on foreign direct investment regulation in France or cross border M&A issues, please contact Olivia Lê Horovitz for more information.    

  • Olivia Lê Horovitz
  • Founding Partner of Paris Office
  • RIMÔN ELECTA LAW
  • +33 (0) 620802963,
  • [email protected]
  • 215, Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, 75008, Paris, France

References:

Trump Declares “Energy Emergency,” Signals Withdrawal from Paris Agreement Amid Climate Crisis

Plug, plant growing inside the light bulb and United States Flag

President Donald Trump signed executive actions Monday, doubling down on fossil fuel production and reversing climate and clean energy policies, including steps to withdraw the United States from the Paris climate agreement.

The announcement comes as climate-driven wildfires devastate Southern California following the globe’s hottest year on record, marked by hurricanes Helene and Milton wreaking havoc in the Southeast.

In his inauguration speech, Trump declared a “national energy emergency” despite the United States leading global oil production. He vowed to streamline regulations that hinder fossil fuel extraction and mining and end land leasing for wind energy. Trump also pledged to undo electric vehicle (EV) incentives, citing his commitment to American auto workers.

“We will drill, baby, drill,” Trump declared, emphasizing his aim to reduce energy costs and curb inflation, which he attributed to “massive overspending and escalating energy prices.”

Climate scientists warned this month that global warming surpassed 1.5°C for the first time in 2024, a critical threshold tied to severe environmental and societal impacts. Experts criticized Trump’s move as a step backward in addressing the climate crisis.

David Wirth, an international law expert, cautioned that the oscillation of U.S. climate policy undermines global trust. Meanwhile, Trump’s bid to expand offshore drilling and open Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to drilling faces legal and industry hurdles, with past auctions drawing little interest.

Oil analysts remain skeptical of Trump’s promises to significantly lower energy prices. “A president can’t cut oil prices,” said Bob McNally, president of Rapidan Energy Group. U.S. oil production is dictated by market forces, and industry executives are wary of oversupply, which previously led to price crashes.

Trump also targeted EV policies, announcing plans to revoke emission rules that promote EV adoption, despite no federal EV mandate currently existing. While EV sales grew in 2024, they accounted for only 8% of total passenger vehicle sales, reflecting a market still dominated by gasoline-powered cars.

Environmental groups and international climate officials decried Trump’s actions. “There is no energy emergency. There is a climate emergency,” said Manish Bapna, president of the Natural Resources Defense Council.

Despite Trump’s withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, U.S. climate advocates pledged continued engagement. The bipartisan U.S. Climate Alliance announced plans to attend COP30 in Brazil, emphasizing ongoing climate action in the states.

“The door remains open to the Paris Agreement,” said UN Climate Change executive secretary Simon Stiell, warning that countries ignoring the global clean energy transition risk being left behind in a $2 trillion industry.

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Trump Plans Historic Wave of Executive Orders on First Day of Second Term

Donald Trump (impersonator) at the White House, Washington DC.

Donald Trump is set to sign more than 50 executive orders—possibly exceeding 100—on Monday, the first day of his second presidency, according to a source within his transition team.

After taking the oath of office at noon inside the Capitol, Trump will sign several of the orders during a public event at Capital One Arena in Washington, D.C., moved indoors due to inclement weather.

The executive orders will include a mix of campaign promises, reversals of outgoing President Joe Biden’s policies, and structural changes to the federal workforce. Among the most anticipated actions is a declaration of a national emergency at the U.S.-Mexico border, aimed at curbing illegal immigration and cross-border crimes.

“You’re going to see executive orders that are going to make [you] extremely happy, lots of them,” Trump said Sunday at a rally. “By the time the sun sets tomorrow evening, the invasion of our borders will have come to a halt, and all the illegal border trespassers will in some form or another, be on their way back home.”

Trump previously declared a national emergency during his first term to redirect funds for a border wall, but the effort was blocked by the courts and rescinded by Biden.

Other key orders include halting funding for climate-related provisions in Biden’s Inflation Reduction Act, a move that could spark legal battles over the president’s power to unilaterally withhold congressionally approved funds. Trump’s incoming budget nominee recently claimed that the Impoundment Control Act of 1974, which mandates the spending of appropriated funds, is unconstitutional.

Additionally, Trump plans to reinstate the “Schedule F” policy, a controversial initiative to reclassify thousands of federal civil service jobs to make it easier to replace career employees with appointees loyal to his agenda.

Stephen Miller, Trump’s incoming deputy chief of staff for policy, briefed Republican lawmakers on the planned orders Sunday, highlighting their alignment with the administration’s commitment to a sweeping policy overhaul.

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Beyond Halal: Redefining Entrepreneurship in the Modern World 

Joyful smiling Arab woman in a hijab chooses products in a supermarket

By Aprilia Natasya

When we hear the word halal, many people may only think about whether a product or service complies with Shariah principles. But is it enough to stop there? In a fast-growing world, adhering to halal values should be the start of something bigger, not just a label that meets the bare minimum requirements. 

Islam teaches that halal is not just about what is consumed but also how a product or service is produced. Thayyib, which means good, goes beyond that. Does the supply chain respect workers? Is the impact on the environment taken into account? For example, in the halal food industry, the focus is often only on ingredients, such as not containing pork or alcohol. But what about the environmental sustainability of the production? Or the working conditions of the labourers? This principle adjusts with Islam’s goal of bringing maslahat (rahmatan lil’ alamin), which includes social justice and sustainability—not just for humankind. 

Halal products are defined as those meeting Shariah requirements and ensuring the fulfilment of both the ingredients used and the processes followed (Burhanuddin, 2011). Increased awareness of halal principles enhances consumer trust and supports higher purchase targets by aligning ethical and spiritual values with consumption patterns (Nurhasanah & Hariyani, 2017; Bashir et al., 2019). It is intriguing to explore how understanding halal principles influences market dynamics in the context of most of the Muslim population. 

According to Nielsen’s 2023, around 68% of Indonesian consumers consider ESG factors when purchasing. This preference includes environmentally friendly products, support for labour rights, and transparency in corporate governance. Such a trend is both a challenge and an opportunity for Muslim entrepreneurs. It is no longer enough to be only labelled halal; products, services, and innovations must reflect universal values such as transparency, sustainability, and fairness. 

An Indonesian halal cosmetics brand, Wardah, exemplifies success in the global market by adopting an inclusive approach that appeals to both Muslim consumers and sustainability-conscious individuals. Recognized as a pioneer in halal cosmetics since 1999, Wardah has expanded to markets such as Malaysia, Singapore, the UAE (11% of exports), and Japan (7.28%) (Katadata, 2020).  

Wardah’s commitment to sustainability is evident in its practices. The company carefully sources raw materials from responsible and sustainable suppliers, ensuring environmental friendliness. Wardah implements the Sustainable Manufacturing Concept to enhance efficiency during manufacturing. By collaborating with Waste 4 Change, Wardah recycles old packaging materials, such as unused bottles, into reusable products. These efforts reflect the concept of halal+ or halal and thayyib (halal products with added value), demonstrating how halal principles, combined with sustainability, can attract a diverse audience and enhance competitiveness in the global market. 

The Quran often emphasizes the importance of impactful, everlasting, and righteous deeds (al-baqiyat al-salihat). In the business context, this means creating profitable ventures that provide a lasting positive impact. The Prophet Muhammad is a perfect example of an entrepreneur who integrated ethics into business practices, ensuring transaction fairness and product quality. 

He strictly prohibited cheating and fraud in economic transactions, as conveyed through a hadith narrated by Muslim that tells the story of market inspection. In the hadith, the Prophet saw a pile of food sold by a merchant. When he put his hand into the pile of food, the Prophet found that the inside was wet. The Prophet asked the merchant, “What is this, O owner of the food?” The merchant replied that the food had been exposed to rainwater. The Prophet said, “Why don’t you put it on top so that people can see it? Be aware that whoever cheats is not of my group.”  

In the modern world, this can be translated as the courage to innovate while remaining ethical. For example, the halal food industry can contribute to sustainability by supporting organic farming, reducing food waste, or using renewable energy in its production process. 

People, especially Muslims, must understand that the concept of halal has the potential to go beyond the general definition of halal. In the digital era, the role of Muslim entrepreneurs is becoming increasingly relevant to address social and environmental challenges. Halal is no longer just about compliance but reflects a broader responsibility towards society and the environment. 

Phenomena such as climate change and social inequality show that businesses that only focus on profits are no longer enough. Businesses that emphasize sustainability and social responsibility have the opportunity to reach a broader range of consumers. In this context, Muslim entrepreneurs have the chance to lead the change by integrating Islamic values that emphasize ecological balance and justice in their business practices. 

For example, Muslim entrepreneurs in the renewable energy sector can develop and promote affordable solar panel systems for rural communities. This approach addresses the need for clean energy to combat climate change and aligns with the Islamic principle of preserving the environment and ensuring equitable access to resources. In addition, sustainability should also include worker welfare. 

Fair labour practices increase productivity by strengthening a harmonious and conducive work environment where employees feel valued and motivated. For example, providing fair wages and safe working conditions reduces turnover rates and heightens employee loyalty. As the Prophet Muhammad said, narrated by Ibn Majah, “Give a worker his wages before his sweat is dry.”  

Those practices strengthen long-term business alliances by building credence and acceptance between employers, employees, and stakeholders. This aligns with Islamic principles of justice, which advocate for fair treatment and the protection of the rights of all individuals involved in business operations. By establishing fairness, businesses obey ethical standards and create a long-lasting and harmonious adapting workplace. 

Imagine how this approach could be applied in real life. A halal business that uses renewable energy in its production guarantees a living wage for its workers and contributes to the empowerment of local communities. It’s about fulfilling the halal-certified measure and creating meaningful and sustainable change. An approach like this will provide a more significant impact and inspiration for other entrepreneurs. 

In this complex world, being halal is not enough. Muslim entrepreneurs must take it a step further by integrating the values of sustainability, innovation, and inclusivity. Only then can we present Islam as a solution, not just for Muslims but for the world as a whole. Just like experts say, “Halal is not only a license, but also a responsibility.” Let us redefine the meaning of halal in entrepreneurship, making it a path to meaningful and impactful transformation.

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About the Author 

Aprilia NatasyaAprilia Natasya is an international management student at the Islamic University of Indonesia (UII) and an awardee of Beasiswa Unggulan. She is actively involved in the UII community program, emphasising Islamic character-building, leadership, and academic excellence. Passionate about ethical business practices and market transformation, she seeks to inspire meaningful change among Muslim entrepreneurs through her insights and dedication to impactful initiatives. 

References 

  • Bashir, AM. 2019. Pengaruh kesadaran halal, logo halal dan sikap terhadap niat pembelian konsumen asing. British Food Journal, Vol. 121 No. 9, hlm. 1998-2015.  
  • Burhanuddin. 2011. Pemikiran hukum perlindungan konsumen dan sertifikasi halal. UIN-Maliki Press, Malang.  
  • Katadata. 2020. Bidik Pasar Kosmetik Halal, Wardah Ekspor Rp 22 Miliar ke Malaysia.  
  • Neilsen. 2023. Konsumen Indonesia Lebih Memilih Produk dari Perusahaan Berkelanjutan. 
  • Nurhasanah, S., & Hariyani, H. F. 2018. Halal Purchase Intention on Processed Food. Tazkia Islamic Finance and Business Review, 11 (2).   

Fintiwall.net Sends Timely Signals for Financial Opportunities

Administrator business man financial inspector and secretary making report calculating balance.

London, United Kingdom – Fintiwall.net has established itself as a reliable provider of timely financial insights. By analyzing market data and trends, the company sends signals that help users identify financial opportunities. This proactive approach ensures that users are well informed and prepared for changing market conditions.

The company’s methodology involves leveraging advanced analytics to process vast amounts of financial data. This allows Fintiwall.net to deliver accurate and actionable signals. The emphasis on timeliness ensures that users receive information when it is most relevant, enabling them to make informed decisions.

Fintiwall.net reviews often highlight the reliability of these signals, noting their effectiveness in navigating complex financial environments. By offering clear and concise information, the company enables users to act with confidence. These reviews frequently commend the company’s focus on delivering value through accurate insights.

In addition to sending timely signals, Fintiwall.net emphasizes clarity in its communication. The information provided is easy to understand, ensuring accessibility for a diverse range of users. This focus on simplicity aligns with the company’s mission to make financial insights widely available.

Fintiwall.net’s signal services are underpinned by a commitment to quality. Every signal is thoroughly vetted to ensure its accuracy and relevance. This rigorous approach has been noted in Fintiwall.net reviews as a testament to the company’s dedication to excellence.

The adaptability of the platform’s signaling services ensures they remain effective in varying financial conditions. By continuously updating its methodologies, the company stays ahead of market developments. This adaptability is mentioned in Fintiwall.net reviews, which often emphasize the company’s ability to meet evolving needs.

Providing timely financial signals requires a blend of expertise and technology. It combines these elements to deliver a service that is both reliable and efficient. Users value the consistency and dependability of the company’s signals, as reflected in numerous Fintiwall.net reviews.

By focusing on timely and actionable signals, Fintiwall.net reinforces its position as a trusted source of financial insights. This service not only supports users but also contributes to the company’s reputation for reliability and professionalism.

About Fintiwall.net

Fintiwall.net is a company that specializes in providing secure and reliable financial solutions. Through its innovative approach, the company offers services that cater to a wide range of financial needs. Its focus on quality and transparency ensures that all users receive dependable and trustworthy support.

The company’s commitment to excellence drives its operations, making it a leader in delivering financial insights. By maintaining high standards of compliance and reliability, Fintiwall.net continues to build a strong reputation in the financial industry. Its dedication to innovation and transparency sets it apart as a trusted name in financial solutions.

Company Details

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How to Protect Your Huntsville Property from Wildlife Intrusions

Huntsville, Alabama, USA Skyline

Protecting your property from wildlife intrusions is important for maintaining a safe and comfortable home. Wildlife can cause significant damage, spread disease, and create a host of other problems. I focus on three key areas to help you safeguard your Huntsville property effectively. First, securing entry points is essential. Animals often find their way indoors through small gaps and openings. Second, maintaining a clean yard can deter wildlife. Removing food sources or nesting materials helps keep unwanted visitors at bay. Third, professional intervention often makes a big difference. Magic City Pest Control, for example, can provide expert guidance and solutions tailored to your needs. By addressing these areas, you can reduce the risk of wildlife intrusions and protect your home. This approach not only helps you live more peacefully but also ensures your property remains in good condition. Addressing these potential issues now can spare you trouble in the future.

Understanding Common Wildlife Intruders

Knowing which animals are likely to intrude helps in planning effective prevention methods. Common wildlife intruders in Huntsville include raccoons, squirrels, and bats. Each of these animals has unique behaviors and preferred entry points.

  • Raccoons often enter through attics or chimneys.
  • Squirrels find small gaps in roofs or eaves.
  • Bats squeeze through tiny openings in vents or windows.

By identifying these potential invaders, you can tailor your prevention strategies to address specific threats.

Securing Entry Points

Sealing entry points is the first line of defense against wildlife intrusions. Inspect your home for gaps or holes in the roof, foundation, and walls. Repair these openings using durable materials like steel wool or hardware cloth. Chimney caps and vent covers also provide extra protection. For more detailed guidance, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) offers useful tips on securing entry points effectively.

Maintaining a Clean Yard

A well-maintained yard helps prevent wildlife from seeing your property as an inviting space. Regularly trim overgrown shrubs and trees to eliminate hiding spots. Keep trash cans sealed and store pet food indoors. Removing fallen fruits or nuts from your yard also deters wildlife. Compost piles should be enclosed to avoid attracting animals. By keeping your outdoor space tidy, you reduce the chances of attracting unwanted guests.

Professional Intervention

Sometimes, expert intervention is necessary to address persistent wildlife problems. Professional pest control services, like Magic City Pest Control, provide specialized solutions for different types of wildlife. These services often include assessing your property, identifying entry points, and implementing exclusion methods. Professional help ensures thorough and effective management of wildlife issues.

Benefits of Wildlife Control

Effective wildlife control offers several benefits that enhance your quality of life. These benefits include:

  • Preventing property damage by keeping animals out.
  • Reducing health risks associated with wildlife-borne diseases.
  • Protecting pets and family members from potential attacks.

By investing in proper wildlife control, you’re taking proactive steps to create a safer and more secure environment for your loved ones.

Comparison of Preventive Measures

Measure Effectiveness Cost
Sealing Entry Points High Moderate
Maintaining Yard Moderate Low
Professional Pest Control High Variable

Conclusion

Protecting your Huntsville home from wildlife intrusions is essential for your comfort and safety. By securing entry points, maintaining a clean yard, and seeking professional help when needed, you can effectively safeguard your property. These preventive measures not only keep wildlife at bay but also preserve the integrity of your home. For additional resources, consider visiting the Alabama Wildlife Federation for more information on local wildlife management and preservation efforts. Staying informed and proactive ensures a harmonious coexistence with nature while keeping your home secure.

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How to Handle Mortgage Rate Changes

Percentage for increasing interest rates with stacks coins

In a perfect world, mortgage interest rates would always be the same. In reality, however, they fluctuate. Depending on your situation, higher rates can make it difficult to buy the home you want or keep up with the payments on your current property. Below, we’ll take a closer look at why mortgage rates change and what you can do to handle them.

Understanding mortgage rates

Mortgage rates, expressed as a percentage of your total loan balance, explain how much interest you’ll owe when you take out a mortgage. While individual lenders decide what specific rates they offer applicants, several large-scale factors impact the rates lenders offer, such as economic conditions, inflation, and unemployment.

Consumer spending, stocks, and bonds may also influence mortgage rates. In addition, the Federal Reserve influences mortgage rates by adjusting the federal funds rate in reaction to inflation and employment. The federal funds rate is the rate at which banks and other institutions lend money to each other overnight.

There are also personal finance factors, like income and credit scores, that will affect the rate lenders offer you. Additionally, some closing negotiations, such as points on a mortgage, can change the interest rate.

If you’re curious about how some of these variables affect the mortgage terms you receive, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) created a rate tool you can use to quickly monitor interest rates and understand what type of rate you might receive based on your credit, state, house price, and down payment.

Types of mortgage rates

There are two types of mortgage rates:

  • Fixed-rate: Fixed-rate mortgage rates remain the same for the life of a mortgage, which may be 15, 20, or 30 years. A fixed rate makes it easy to budget for monthly payments and offers reassurance that payments won’t change due to market conditions and other factors.
  • Adjustable-rate: Adjustable-rate mortgage rates stay the same for the initial period, which may be between 3 and 10 years. Then, they’ll change biannually or annually until the mortgage term ends.

Monitoring mortgage rate changes

It’s your responsibility as a homeowner to keep tabs on mortgage rate trends and changes. Fortunately, plenty of news sources discuss the state of the economy, which can give you an idea of the mortgage rate environment. If the economy is doing well, there’s a good chance interest rates will be high. On the flip side, when the economy struggles, interest rates may go down. Keep in mind, though, that interest rate changes are dynamic and complex, so it’s always a good idea to track these changes no matter how the economy is doing.

Rate Locks

The purpose of a mortgage rate lock is to ensure that your mortgage rate will stay the same from the time you receive an offer until you close on your home. A rate lock, usually valid for 30, 45, or 60 days (about 2 months), can protect you from market fluctuations while the lender processes your mortgage.

Without a rate lock, your interest rate and monthly payment may increase as you go through the mortgage process, potentially costing you thousands of extra dollars over the life of your loan. While some lenders offer rate locks once you’re preapproved and have the address of the home you plan to buy, others might wait until the seller accepts your offer on a property.

How to handle rate increases

If you do encounter a mortgage rate increase – whether because you have an adjustable-rate mortgage or as you’re home shopping – here are a few things you can do:

  • Modify your budget: With a rate increase, you may need to adjust your budget. A new budget can make it easier to afford a higher rate and monthly payments.
  • Plan out your savings: As interest rates change, you may want to plan out further savings goals to accommodate these shifts. This may mean taking a look at how you’re saving relative to your current budget or looking at potential ways to boost your income.
  • Tap into your emergency fund: If you’re dealing with a temporary setback and struggling to cover your mortgage payments due to a rate increase, an emergency fund can come in handy. Ideally, you’d have at least three to six months’ worth of expenses saved to give you some cushion without having to completely revamp your entire budget.
  • Look into mortgage modification programs: Fortunately, some lenders and government agencies offer mortgage modification programs for homeowners who are facing financial hardship as a result of rate increases. Depending on the program, you may qualify for a lower rate, extended repayment period, or principal reduction.
  • Buy down the rate: You may be able to “buy down” your mortgage rate with points. Points on a mortgage usually cost 1% of the loan amount and lower your interest rate by an amount decided by the lender for the life of your mortgage.

How to take advantage of rate decreases

If interest rates go down, refinancing might make sense, especially if you have good credit or a better credit score than when you took out your mortgage. A mortgage refinance can allow you to replace your existing loan with a new one at a lower rate, leading to lower monthly payments or a shorter loan term. If you have the funds, you may also decide to make extra payments on your principal so you can repay your loan faster and save on interest.

Disclaimer: Article content is intended for information only. It may not reflect the publisher nor employees’ views. Consult a mortgage professional before making financial decisions. Publishers or platforms may be compensated for access to third party websites.

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Ceasefire in Gaza Set to Begin Sunday Amid Last-Minute Negotiations

Ceasefire in Gaza

The long-awaited ceasefire between Israel and Hamas is expected to begin on Sunday despite last-minute negotiations over unresolved issues, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken confirmed on Thursday. Speaking at a press conference, Blinken referred to the ongoing discussions as tying up a “loose end.”

Israel delayed cabinet meetings to approve the ceasefire, with votes potentially pushed to Friday or Saturday. Media outlets reported that the deal is expected to pass, but Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu blamed Hamas for late-stage demands. Meanwhile, Israeli airstrikes intensified, with Palestinian authorities reporting at least 86 deaths since the truce was announced.

Hamas senior official Izzat el-Reshiq affirmed the group’s commitment to the deal, which includes a six-week initial ceasefire, prisoner exchanges, and a pathway for humanitarian aid to Gaza. U.S. mediators, along with Qatari and Egyptian officials, worked to resolve disputes over prisoner releases, described as the last sticking point.

Inside Gaza, devastation continues to overshadow relief over the ceasefire. Tamer Abu Shaaban, mourning his niece killed by shrapnel, questioned the timing and sincerity of the truce. “Is this the truce they are talking about? What did this child do to deserve this?” he asked.

The conflict, which began in October 2023, has claimed over 46,000 Palestinian lives and displaced the majority of Gaza’s 2.3 million residents, according to local authorities. The ceasefire aims to halt the violence, facilitate aid delivery, and potentially ease broader regional tensions.

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Sailing Towards Sustainability: The Role of Maritime Regulations in Environmental and Climate Protection

By Pamela Coyoc Duron and Michael Palocz-Andresen  

The maritime industry is crucial for the international community, providing thousands of jobs and transporting over 80% of global goods [1]. It provides thousands of jobs and opportunities, thus playing a vital role in the global economy and supporting humanity’s well-being. Given this importance, it is essential for the maritime industry, particularly the shipping sector, to transition towards environmentally friendly and climate-safe practices. Such a transition will benefit marine life and enhance the industry’s resilience in an evolving global landscape. Implementing sustainable technologies, reducing emissions, and adhering to stricter environmental regulations should be prioritised to ensure a healthier planet for all future generations.

Introduction

The maritime sector is responsible for transporting almost 4 billion tonnes of cargo and 400 million passengers annually [2]. It can transport more goods from one country to another than any other transport method. In the past decades, it has steadily increased, and it is estimated to rise more than 2% between now and 2028 [3]. In addition to this, although it is one of the most carbon-efficient methods of transport per ton-km, it is still responsible for 3% of global carbon emissions and 3-4% of the total European Union’s CO2 emissions [4]. In addition to this, several marine environmental concerns come along with it. At the outset, an issue that has increasingly gotten more attention from the international community is greenhouse gas emissions.

Aside from greenhouse gas emissions, other adverse impacts include land and water waste, plastic pollution, ballast water, oil spills, wildlife collisions, illegal fishing of protected species, and others that require proactive attention, such as underwater noise. Awareness of marine pollution is sometimes heavily focused on only one topic, such as plastic pollution or oil spills, while other types of pollution originating from the maritime sector are often neglected in this debate. Shipping regulations are shaped by various international agreements, guidelines, treaties, and government organisations. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the actions of these entities concerning shipping pollution and to evaluate their current initiatives aimed at the protection and conservation of oceanic ecosystems and marine biodiversity.

Fig. 1 shows the structure of the shipping industry in the market economy. It gives a short overview of the main relationships in the maritime industry.

Shipping companies

 

Figure 1: Structure and connections of the shipping industry in the international market  

International Instruments and Regulations 

First and foremost, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) serves as the primary framework for the safe, sustainable, and responsible governance of the world’s oceans and seas [5]. UNCLOS is the main legal instrument for the protection of the marine environment. It is complemented by global environmental treaties, regional agreements, and soft law instruments. In Part XII, Article 192 establishes that States are obligated to prevent, reduce, and control pollution of the marine environment. Additionally, Articles 194, 211, and 212 provide further guidance on measures for the prevention and reduction of marine pollution, among others.

International Maritime Organization (IMO)

The International Maritime Organization is a specialised UN agency focused on the safety and security of international shipping. The IMO aims to protect marine life from shipping activities and ensure the safety of crew members on board. It does this by addressing legal matters and developing conventions that ensure the safety and security of our oceans and the crews who navigate them.

So, what specific actions has the International Maritime Organization (IMO) undertaken to address and mitigate growing environmental concerns?

The IMO employs a comprehensive array of tools aimed at tackling these diverse issues. Each tool serves a distinct purpose, offering ship owners and operators explicit guidelines and regulations tailored to address particular challenges. Notable instruments include the MARPOL Convention, the London Convention and the London Protocol, the Initial Strategy on the reduction of GHG emissions from ships, its Revised 2023 GHG Strategy, and the IMO’s Underwater Radiated Noise Guidelines. These frameworks collectively contribute to the IMO’s commitment to fostering a sustainable maritime environment.

MARPOL Convention

The International Convention for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), which was enacted in 1973 and subsequently amended in 1978, constitutes a pivotal international legal framework aimed at addressing the multifaceted issue of pollution arising from maritime activities [6]. This convention encompasses both operational and accidental pollution sources, thereby providing a comprehensive regulatory approach to maritime environmental protection. Fig. 2 presents the construction of MARPOL.

Marpol's 6 Annexes

 

Figure 2: Structure of the MARPOL Convention (IMO, 2024)

MARPOL consists of six technical Annexes, each of which targets specific pollution-related issues:

  • Annex I establishes regulations aimed at preventing pollution caused by oil discharges from ships.
  • Annex II provides regulatory measures for the control of pollution from noxious liquid substances transported in bulk, explicitly prohibiting the discharge of approximately 250 identified substances within 12 nautical miles of the nearest land.
  • Annex III is focused on the prevention of pollution from harmful substances (Article 2 (2)) packaged for maritime transport, ensuring that such substances do not adversely affect marine environments.
  • Annex IV addresses regulations concerning the discharge of sewage from ships, emphasising the need for proper waste management practices.
  • Annex V governs the disposal of various types of garbage generated on board, defining conditions for appropriate disposal methods to mitigate marine litter.
  • Annex VI sets stringent limits on sulphur and nitrogen oxide emissions, achieving a significant 77% reduction in sulphur oxide emissions from ships since January 2020. This Annex also introduces the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for new vessels, which mandates technical and operational measures to enhance energy efficiency.

As climate change concerns increase, one of the MARPOL’s procedures to reduce emissions and increase data reporting is the use of the Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI), which enables shipping companies to assess the efficiency of their operations and CO2 emissions [7]. This method encourages practices that reduce fuel consumption and emissions, and can also be used by existing ships.

A fundamental principle underpinning MARPOL is the concept of “no more favourable treatment” (Article 5 (4)), which emphasises the necessity for uniformity in the regulation of ship-generated pollution on a global scale. By specialising in the adverse effects of maritime activities on marine ecosystems, this convention significantly contributes to the preservation of biodiversity and the promotion of clean and healthy oceans for future generations [8].

London Convention and London Protocol

The London Convention is the “Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter” and one of the first global instruments to protect the marine environment from ocean contamination. It was established in 1972 and entered into force in 1975. It aims to effectively control all sources of marine pollution, such as the dumping of wastes and other matter. The ultimate objective is to prevent the contamination of our oceans and seas (Articles 1 and 2).

One method to do this is the “black- and grey-list” strategy. This strategy is applied to differentiate waste that can be considered for disposal at sea. Depending on their environmental impact, waste will either come on the black or the grey list. The disposal of items on the blacklist is completely prohibited. Grey-listed items require special national authorisation and strict supervision and can only be done upon fulfilment of specific conditions.

In 1996 the London Protocol (The Protocol) was agreed upon, later entering into force in 2006. The Protocol was created to update the London Convention and at a given point, replace it [9]. The purpose and content of the Protocol are similar to that of the Convention but the Protocol is stricter. It brings with it the “precautionary principle”, as a general obligation. In addition to this, it includes the “reverse list” by which all dumping in the sea is prohibited unless explicitly permitted. Likewise, the disposal of industrial waste has been prohibited since its creation. The Protocol also includes additional processes for technical assistance and compliance. Moreover, a so-called transition period grants new parties five years during which they can gradually introduce measures necessary for compliance with the Protocol.

Regarding climate change, in 2006 an amendment to the Protocol allowed for CO2 storage beneath the seabed, when it is safe to do so. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), this is a short-term technological option for reducing net CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. Additionally, since 2013 the Protocol has allowed geoengineering activities, such as ocean fertilisation, for legitimate research purposes (Annex 4). Marine geoengineering can be a feasible option to actively intervene in the environment to counteract the adverse impacts shipping has on it. For example, ocean fertilisation contributes to carbon dioxide removal.

2023 GHG Reduction Strategy

In 2018 the IMO set an Initial GHG Strategy aiming to reduce total annual GHG emissions by at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008 levels, with a vision of phasing them out by the end of the century. The 2018 Initial Strategy included several short-, mid-, and long-term measures with timelines, barriers, supportive actions and examples of adoption measures according to the needs and capabilities of certain nations. Special consideration was taken for developing countries. In 2023, the IMO adopted the Revised Strategy to reduce GHG emissions from shipping. This Revised Strategy provided an improved ambition to completely eradicate GHG emissions from international shipping close to or around 2050 [10]. This Strategy also states a commitment to “ensure an uptake of alternative zero and near-zero GHG fuels by 2030, as well as indicative check-points for 2030 and 2040” [11]. By 2030, annual greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping should be reduced by at least 20 per cent, striving for 30 per cent, compared to 2008. By 2040, this should increase by at least 70 per cent, striving for 80 per cent.

Although the IMO’s GHG Reduction Strategy displays highly ambitious goals, all measurements are yet to be finalised and/or agreed upon. Some will be finalised between 2023 and 2030. The 2023 Strategy set out a timeline towards the adoption of measures to have the new and updated IMO GHG strategy by 2028.

A timeline illustrating some of the various measures undertaken by the International Maritime Organization to address greenhouse gas emissions from shipping will be presented in Fig. 3.

Figure 3- Addressing climate change

 

Figure 3: Addressing climate change – Over a decade of regulatory action to cut GHG emissions from shipping (2023) 

IMO’s Underwater Noise Guidelines

Another important IMO milestone in preventing marine pollution from vessels are the non-mandatory “Guidelines for the Reduction of Underwater Noise from Commercial Shipping to Address Adverse Impacts on Marine Life”. These guidelines illustrate how the marine environment is impacted not only by familiar factors but also by lesser-known contributors that pose threats to marine life. For those who do not have a picture of what underwater noise is, underwater noise is generated by various anthropogenic activities, including shipping, deep-sea mining, and pile-driving, among others.

In the context of shipping, these noises arise from multiple vessel components, including propellers and the internal structure and objects inside of the vessels. This noise disrupts the hearing and communication frequencies of marine organisms, jeopardising the fitness and survival of numerous species, including invertebrates. These guidelines provide ship owners, manufacturers and operators with several different measures that can be taken to reduce underwater noise. The IMO recognises the severity of this issue, which is why it is imperative for the industry and civil society to also recognise these challenges in our ongoing efforts to protect marine ecosystems. 

Other International and European Union Regulations 

At the European level, several different prevention measures contribute to reducing marine pollution. For instance, in 2015, the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of CO2 Emissions (MRV Regulation) entered into force, setting rules for shipping companies to provide annual reports of their Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions [11]. The MRV Regulation used to only cover CO2 emissions, but as of 2024, it also covers Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O), which is crucial for comprehensive and holistic climate strategies since both N2O and CH4 have much higher global warming potentials than CO2.

In addition, as of January 2025, companies must report emissions for cargo and passenger ships, offshore ships of or above 5000GT, and offshore ships and general cargo ships between 400 GT and 5000 GT. This is also an essential improvement, since larger vessels, especially those that navigate with fossil fuels, emit larger amounts of GHG emissions.

It is essential to understand that allowances for greenhouse gas emissions can be auctioned, enabling companies to buy and sell these allowances among themselves.

In 2023, the MRV Regulation was improved, making it possible for maritime transport to be a part of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), which used to only cover the sectors of electricity, heating, energy-intensive industry sectors and aviation. The goal of this EU ETS is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 65% by 2030 in comparison to 2005 [11]. Moreover, the EU ETS incorporates shipping emissions into a cap-and-trade system, incentivising reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The word cap is a threshold that sets the total amount of greenhouse gasses that operators covered by the system can emit. This threshold is reduced yearly at fest intervals. This way, it can stay up to date with the EU’s climate target. The cap-and-trade system uses emission allowances, where each allowance permits the emission of one tonne of carbon dioxide. If companies emit more greenhouse gas emissions than their allowances can cover, they are faced with fines. Allowances need to always be handed in on the 30th of September of the following year. It is essential to understand that allowances for greenhouse gas emissions can be auctioned, enabling companies to buy and sell these allowances among themselves.

This system allows for flexibility in managing emissions, as long as each company can submit sufficient allowances to account for their total greenhouse gas emissions by the end of the reporting period. By fostering a trading environment for emissions allowances, stakeholders can effectively incentivise compliance while addressing the pressing issue of climate change. Ultimately, this auction system plays a vital role in shaping corporate strategies related to sustainability and environmental stewardship.

Several important factors contribute to the effective implementation of the EU ETS. Currently, the EU ETS only encompasses carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, beginning in 2026, it will also include methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Additionally, the EU ETS operates as a flag-neutral and route-based system, covering emissions from maritime transport originating from or within the ports of EU Member States. This system applies to cargo and passenger vessels of 5,000 gross tonnage (GT) or greater. Moreover, starting in 2027, the regulations will extend to offshore vessels of the same size. These expansions reflect the EU’s commitment to addressing a broader range of greenhouse gas emissions.

Additionally, the level of emissions that the allowances cover will increase gradually each year. Starting in 2025, 40% of the emissions registered for the year 2024 must be covered, in 2026, 70% of the emissions registered for 2025, and lastly, in 2027 and beyond, 100% of the reported emissions need to be covered by the allowances. This way shipping company owners and operators are required to enhance their data collection and reporting.

Another important regulation aiming to decarbonise the shipping sector is the Fuel EU Maritime Regulation, which will apply as of January 2025 [12]. This regulation complements the EU ETS strategy and seeks to gradually reduce the greenhouse gas intensity of fuels used by the shipping sector. It aims to promote the use of cleaner fuels and energy in the maritime sector to reduce current and future greenhouse gas emission levels. This regulation starts with small steps and seeks to reduce the average greenhouse gas intensity of the energy used by a vessel by 80% as of January 2050.

Biodiversity Protection

Lastly, an instrument that specifically focuses on biodiversity protection, is the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which encourages measures to protect marine biodiversity and ecosystems affected by shipping activities. In addition to this, there are Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs), which are designated areas where marine activities activities are limited to protect sensitive habitats and species.

Barriers and Future Directions

These regulations and initiatives demonstrate a global effort to reduce the environmental impact of shipping, focusing on greenhouse gas emission reduction, promotion of cleaner fuels, and mitigation of underwater noise pollution. However, implementing shipping regulations for environmental protection and emission reduction faces several barriers across technological, economic, scientific, and political domains. 

Scientific Barriers

In the scientific domain, several knowledge gaps persist that must be addressed to develop more effective reduction and prevention measures. A thorough understanding of the marine environment and its components work, as well as the impacts of anthropogenic activities on marine organisms, is vital for environmental protection and the transition to sustainable practices. Furthermore, regarding greenhouse gas emissions from the maritime sector, it is crucial to focus on all types of greenhouse gases. Understanding the potency and longevity of these gases is essential for formulating effective environmental policies and strategies to mitigate their effects on global warming.

Technological Barriers 

Some key challenges hindering the implementation of technological innovations for decarbonisation in the maritime industry are the following. Firstly, about 99 per cent of currently used maritime fuels are of fossil origin, with only 1.2 per cent using alternative fuels (figure 2). This is due to many different aspects. On the one hand, there is a limited availability of alternative fuels. Although there are several existing sustainable fuels, such as LNG, LPG, electric or hybrid-electric, methanol, hydrogen and ammonia, transitioning to fuels like hydrogen or ammonia requires new infrastructure and technology that is not yet widely available [14], see Fig. 4.

Figure 4

Figure 4- Number of vessels

Figure 4: Alternative Fuel Uptake – World Fleet and Order-book 2022

In addition to this, the viability of use varies greatly depending on vessel type. Vessel type, age, and size are a few factors that not only influence the amount of greenhouse gas emissions but also the type of fuel they can use. Directly connected to this are existing fleet limitations. Many ships are older and not designed for new emission reduction technologies, leading to costly structural changes or replacement. Since vessels have a life span of 25 to 30 years and replacing them is not an option for all operators, not to mention not very sustainable, technologies and energy-efficiency methods that can be applied to existing vessels need to happen fast. 

Moreover, just as with alternative fuels, the development and adoption of green technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) are still in developmental stages, with uncertainties about their effectiveness and scalability. Lastly, an aspect that can help improve these existing technologies is the need for more accurate data and monitoring. The challenge here is that accurate tracking of emissions and compliance with regulations requires sophisticated data systems that are not always available. A key solution for this is digitalisation. Using artificial intelligence, performance optimising tools and a collective database could help improve and facilitate data gathering.

Economic Barriers 

Economically speaking, these transitions come with high initial costs. Investing in new technologies, retrofitting ships, or transitioning to alternative fuels can be prohibitively expensive for many shipping companies, which is most likely the reason behind these slow transitions. In addition, market competition plays an essential role because investors and companies may hesitate to adopt greener practices if competitors do not, fearing loss of market share due to increased operational costs. Another recent economic challenge is fluctuating fuel prices. The volatility of fossil fuel prices can impact the economic viability of alternative fuels, making investment decisions uncertain

Furthermore, an aspect that will require more action in the future is financial incentives from governments. The lack of government incentives or support can hinder the transition to sustainable practices. Yes, it is clear that these transitions need to be made, but not all have the resources to make these changes. Whether is retrofitting an old vessel or transitioning to a new one, many small owners and small companies require support to have a chance to keep up and contribute to a sustainable shipping transition.

Finally, an integral aspect is balancing economic interest with environmental protection. For many companies, these economic barriers are the reason why no active action is being taken, thus forgetting about the intrinsic value of the marine environment. It is crucial to remember that these sustainable transitions are not only beneficial for us but also necessary for the environment.

Political Barriers

Establishing a universal regulatory framework that applies to all vessels regardless of their flags, country of ownership and travel routes is essential.

The implementation and enforcement of regulations encounter numerous challenges. Foremost among them is the fragmented regulatory landscape. As shipping operates in international waters, establishing unified regulations proves difficult due to the varying interests of different countries. Key factors influencing this are their capabilities, needs and environmental considerations. This diversity in standards complicates compliance efforts. Furthermore, the enforcement of globally applicable rules for vessels and ports is essential for a successful transition. This brings us to the next point: global disparities. Developing nations may prioritise economic growth over environmental regulations, creating conflicts in international agreements and enforcement. This is why supporting their transition is also crucial. The IMO is currently actively exploring funding mechanisms to assist countries in need.

Likewise, the political will and commitment of different nations play a significant role in facilitating transitions that protect the environment. Inconsistent political support for environmental initiatives can hinder the timely implementation of necessary regulations and vice versa. For instance, environmentally friendly incentives in Canada have been shown to contribute to more sustainable practices and enhance the protection of marine species. Additionally, lobbying and industry resistance are critical factors in this sector. Just as in other sectors, powerful fossil fuel and shipping lobbies may resist stringent regulations, advocating for less rigorous standards. Furthermore, inadequate international coordination poses a challenge. Effective implementation requires collaboration among nations, which can be impeded by differing priorities and levels of commitment to environmental issues.

Addressing these barriers is essential for implementing effective shipping regulations designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect the marine environment. Collaborative efforts among governments, industry stakeholders, and technological innovators will be crucial in overcoming these challenges. Establishing a universal regulatory framework that applies to all vessels regardless of their flags, country of ownership and travel routes is essential. However, it is still equally important to acknowledge and respect the varying capabilities of more vulnerable nations that may not possess the same resources as others.

Criticism on the IMO 

Even though the IMO conventions set international standards and rules for shipping, simplify cooperation between countries and make an important contribution to reducing pollution in the sea, there are still points of criticism regarding the IMO and MARPOL.

While the MARPOL Convention represents a significant step forward in the reduction of marine pollution, several areas of concern have been raised regarding its effectiveness, enforcement, and adaptability to evolving environmental challenges [14].

One major critique of MARPOL regards its enforcement mechanisms. Critics argue that the convention is not strict enough, leading to instances of non-compliance and inadequate punishment for violators. For instance, violations of Annex V are to be sanctioned under the law of the Administration of the ship, wherever the violation occurs. This means that if the flag state does not or cannot enforce violations of international law, sanctions can be evaded. In this case, sanctions are established under the law of that Party (Article 2). This does not apply when the violation occurs within the jurisdiction of any Party of MARPOL. Nevertheless, cases in which the flag state decides to take no action have undermined the credibility of MARPOL and compromised its effectiveness in achieving its objectives.

As our understanding of the long-term effects of marine pollution deepens, there is growing recognition of the need for more ambitious targets and measures to safeguard the health of marine ecosystems and human populations. Only through continuous review, adaptation, and collaboration can the IMO and MARPOL fulfil their full potential as a tool for global marine environmental protection.

Future directions 

All of these organisations and conventions have taken great measures and steps to protect the ocean from anthropogenic pollution. Each aspect of these stakeholders contributes to preventing further ocean pollution and to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, research shows that there are still several knowledge gaps when it comes to how these different measurements are contributing to the prevention of pollution. This is, among others because taking the necessary measurements for research in the ocean is a complex task. Likewise, there are still points of criticism regarding the lack of enforcement and punishment when companies violate standards set by these organisations. Protecting the ocean from ship-source pollution or any source of pollution should be prioritised.

“Strict language in international agreements is meaningless unless the standards are actually enforced” [15].

However, it is evident that this endeavour is complex. While the focus should lay on the protection and conservation of the ocean and its marine species, significant and immediate changes cannot be implemented in such a vast transportation sector overnight. It is a long process already moving in the right direction. It requires many resources, a strong commitment, decision-making processes and the right intentions.

Shipping regulations foster global cooperation, thereby uniting nations to address shared environmental challenges and establish a unified approach to sustainable shipping.

To manage a significant reduction in greenhouse emissions, several measures should be taken. Some International emission reduction strategies are the adoption of alternative fuels, innovations in vessel design for both new and existing ones, and energy efficiency measures. At the regional and national levels, it is essential to consider all types of social, economic and environmental factors that may influence which types of measures could be implemented.

Finally, promoting shipping regulations is crucial for incentivising the adoption of cleaner technologies and alternative fuels, thus encouraging the maritime sector to transition towards more sustainable practices that reduce environmental harm. For instance, enforcing stricter environmental standards can drive innovation in vessel design and enhance fuel efficiency. Moreover, port authorities should actively support and encourage ship owners and operators to implement these sustainable practices. 

Conclusion

Shipping regulations play a crucial role in combating climate change and protecting and preserving marine ecosystems. As international shipping is a major source of global greenhouse gas emissions, these regulations must facilitate their reduction. Initiatives such as the IMO’s GHG Strategy and the MARPOL Convention are designed to mitigate environmental impacts; however, their success relies on the commitment and cooperation of all stakeholders within the maritime industry.

International collaboration is essential for effective maritime governance and environmental protection. Shipping regulations foster global cooperation, thereby uniting nations to address shared environmental challenges and establish a unified approach to sustainable shipping. This collaboration not only protects the marine environment but generates long-term economic benefits. By promoting sustainability, regulations can enhance operational efficiency, lower fuel costs, and reduce risks of environmental disasters, ultimately benefiting the economy and ensuring the longevity of marine resources. Furthermore, building a robust partnership among governments, academia, and industry stakeholders will facilitate knowledge sharing and collaboration. This will contribute to the implementation of more effective and comprehensive policies.

The time of choosing indecision over action is over. A call to action for continued commitment and innovation in the shipping industry is necessary. This commitment requires investing in technological advancements and a willingness to engage in meaningful dialogue about sustainable and resilient changes. 

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Mr. Bernd Lange,  Member of the European Parliament, Chairman of the Committee on International Trade (INTA) and Chairman of the Conference of Committee Chairs (CCC) for years of support in the area of the environment and climate protection.

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About the Authors

Pamela Pamela Coyoc Duron was raised in Mexico City and Germany. In 2024, she completed her bachelor’s degree in Environmental Sciences from the Leuphana University of Lüneburg, where she specialised in nature conservation and ocean law. Currently pursuing a certification in the fundamentals of natural sciences, she aims to begin her master’s degree in marine biology this year. Her passion lies in raising awareness about marine pollution and fostering collaboration among all stakeholders involved in environmental protection.

Michael Palocz-AndresenMichael Palocz-Andresen is a full professor at the BUAP in Puebla. He has been working as a full professor for Sustainable Mobility since 2018, supported by the DAAD at the TEC Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores in Mexico. He was a full professor at the University West Hungary until 2017. Currently, he is a guest professor at the TU Budapest, the Leuphana University Lüneburg, and at the Shanghai Jiao Tong University. He is a Humboldt scientist and instructor of the SAE International in the USA. 

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